Renaissance:
- Renaissance art was characterized by a focus on the arts of Ancient Greece and Rome.
- New techniques
- Linear perspective
- Chiaroscuro
- Humanism, Neoclassicism
- Study of ancient Greek and Roman classics and ideals.
- Humanists believed in a well-rounded education
- Ideal man, Renaissance man
- Famous Artists
- Da Vinci
- Michaelangelo
- Raphael
- Romanticism challenged the superiority of reason and rationality
- Wanted a revival of Christianity
- Interested in medieval traditions and art
- Rejected Enlightenment ideas of rigid rationality and supported emotion
- Believed in supremacy of imagination
- Art rejected the ideas of the Enlightenment and Neoclassicism.
- Neoclassicism emphasized courage and war (Greek and roman art)
- Neoclassicism emphasized order,symmetry, and classical simplicity.
- Romanticism emphasized:
- Nature, especially the power and beauty of the natural world.
- Individualism
- Derived from Gothicism (medieval art)
- Social stability of medieval times!
- Literature was highly sentimental and were similar to medieval romances
- Example: Goethe's masterpiece Faust, describes a man who sells his soul to the devil for divine knowledge and devotes his life to the improvement of humankind
- Political effects
- Appreciation of individuality leads to nationalism
- Hegel
- Thesis and Antithesis
- Realist and naturalist movement portrayed the hypocrisy, dullness, and cruelty of industrial life and society based on money.
- Unlike Romanticism, which was optimistic and orderly, Realism showed poverty and despair.
- Realist rejected the romantic idealization of nature, love and polite society, portraying the dark side of life.
- Charles Dickens depicts the worst of industrial life in Oliver Twist and David Copperfield.
- Emille Zola wrote at least twenty novels on controversial subjects such as prostitution, alcoholism, and adultery.
- Zola believed in absolute physical determinism, claiming that he could describe people and their actions like a scientist dissects a corpse.
- Realists hoped to destroy illusions about reality and force the public to face reality.
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